GRE Psych Exam
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget's conclusions from his work with children continue to exert the most lasting influence on cognitive developmental theory. This approach sees cognitive development as essential to moral, ethical and self-concepts. To Piaget, humans develop through attempting to understand and to adapt to their environments.
Adaptation involves:
■ Assimilation: The process of adding new material/information to an existing schema
■ Accommodation: The process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information
■ Equilibration: Keeping balance by creating new concepts
Assimilation vs. Accommodation (Equilibration)
■ Object Permanence: The appreciation that an object no longer in view can still exist and may reappear later (early in stage two).
■ Schema: A system of organized general knowledge stored in long-term memory that guides the encoding and retrieval of information.
Piaget presented Four Cognitive Developmental Stages of experience and interaction with the environment:
1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years)
a. Knowledge gained through active interaction with environment
b. Beginning awareness of cause and effect relationships
c. Learning that objects exist even when not in view
d. Crude imitation of actions of others
2. Pre-operational Stage (ages 2 to 6 years)
a. Initially very egocentric
b. Development of language and mental representations
c. Classification of objects by a single characteristic at a time
3. Concrete Operations Stage (ages 6 to 12 years)
a. Understanding of conservation of volume, length, etc.
b. Organization of objects into ordered categories
c. Comprehension of rational terms (i.e., bigger than, above)
d. Beginning use of simple logic
4. Formal Operations Stage (over 12 years of age)
a. Thinking becomes abstract and symbolic
b. Development of reasoning skills and a sense of hypothetical concept
c. Stages: Applies to all individuals and indicates a qualitative difference
■ Object permanence
■ Egocentrism
■ Conservation
■ Abstract Thinking
■ Concentration
Optimistically expanding Piaget's work, Lawrence Kohlberg included formation of a sense of justice in three levels:
■ Pre-conventional - Acting from selfish rather than social motives
■ Conventional - Acting according to social norms
■ Post conventional - Acting on moral, legal, and ethical principles, irrespective of temporary social rules
Adaptation involves:
■ Assimilation: The process of adding new material/information to an existing schema
■ Accommodation: The process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information
■ Equilibration: Keeping balance by creating new concepts
Assimilation vs. Accommodation (Equilibration)
■ Object Permanence: The appreciation that an object no longer in view can still exist and may reappear later (early in stage two).
■ Schema: A system of organized general knowledge stored in long-term memory that guides the encoding and retrieval of information.
Piaget presented Four Cognitive Developmental Stages of experience and interaction with the environment:
1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 years)
a. Knowledge gained through active interaction with environment
b. Beginning awareness of cause and effect relationships
c. Learning that objects exist even when not in view
d. Crude imitation of actions of others
2. Pre-operational Stage (ages 2 to 6 years)
a. Initially very egocentric
b. Development of language and mental representations
c. Classification of objects by a single characteristic at a time
3. Concrete Operations Stage (ages 6 to 12 years)
a. Understanding of conservation of volume, length, etc.
b. Organization of objects into ordered categories
c. Comprehension of rational terms (i.e., bigger than, above)
d. Beginning use of simple logic
4. Formal Operations Stage (over 12 years of age)
a. Thinking becomes abstract and symbolic
b. Development of reasoning skills and a sense of hypothetical concept
c. Stages: Applies to all individuals and indicates a qualitative difference
■ Object permanence
■ Egocentrism
■ Conservation
■ Abstract Thinking
■ Concentration
Optimistically expanding Piaget's work, Lawrence Kohlberg included formation of a sense of justice in three levels:
■ Pre-conventional - Acting from selfish rather than social motives
■ Conventional - Acting according to social norms
■ Post conventional - Acting on moral, legal, and ethical principles, irrespective of temporary social rules
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